DB code: M00104

RLCP classification 3.103.90020.1136 : Transfer
CATH domain 1.10.1320.10 : T7 RNA polymerase; domain 1
1.10.287.260 : Helix Hairpins
3.30.70.370 : Alpha-Beta Plaits Catalytic domain
1.10.287.280 : Helix Hairpins
1.10.150.20 : DNA polymerase; domain 1 Catalytic domain
E.C. 2.7.7.6
CSA 1s76
M-CSA 1s76
MACiE

CATH domain Related DB codes (homologues)
1.10.150.20 : DNA polymerase; domain 1 M00055 M00173 M00175 M00208 D00158
1.10.287.280 : Helix Hairpins M00019
3.30.70.370 : Alpha-Beta Plaits M00055 M00173 M00175

Uniprot Enzyme Name
UniprotKB Protein name Synonyms RefSeq Pfam
P00573 DNA-directed RNA polymerase
EC 2.7.7.6
NP_041960.1 (Protein)
NC_001604.1 (DNA/RNA sequence)
PF00940 (RNA_pol)
[Graphical View]

KEGG enzyme name
C RNA formation factors
DNA-directed RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
RNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed)
RNA polymerase I
RNA polymerase II
RNA polymerase III
RNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed)
deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase
DNA-dependent ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase
DNA-dependent RNA nucleotidyltransferase
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase
ribonucleate polymerase
C ribonucleic acid formation factors
ribonucleic acid nucleotidyltransferase
ribonucleic acid polymerase
ribonucleic acid transcriptase
ribonucleic polymerase
ribonucleic transcriptase
C RNA formation factors
RNA nucleotidyltransferase
RNA transcriptase
transcriptase

UniprotKB: Accession Number Entry name Activity Subunit Subcellular location Cofactor
P00573 RPOL_BPT7 Nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Monomer.

KEGG Pathways
Map code Pathways E.C.
MAP00230 Purine metabolism
MAP00240 Pyrimidine metabolism

Compound table
Cofactors Substrates Products Intermediates
KEGG-id C00305 C00201 C00046 C00013 C00046
E.C.
Compound Magnesium Nucleoside triphosphate RNA(n) Pyrophosphate RNA(n+1)
Type divalent metal (Ca2+, Mg2+) nucleotide nucleic acids phosphate group/phosphate ion nucleic acids
ChEBI 18420
18420
29888
29888
PubChem 888
888
1023
21961011
1023
21961011
1aroP01 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1cezA01 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1h38A01 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1h38B01 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1h38C01 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1h38D01 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1mswD01 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1qlnA01 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1s0vA01 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1s0vB01 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1s0vC01 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1s0vD01 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1s76D01 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1s77D01 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1aroP02 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1cezA02 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1h38A02 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1h38B02 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1h38C02 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1h38D02 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1mswD02 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1qlnA02 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1s0vA02 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1s0vB02 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1s0vC02 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1s0vD02 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1s76D02 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1s77D02 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1aroP03 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1cezA03 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1h38A03 Unbound Unbound Bound:G-C-G-G-C-G-A-U (chain F) Unbound Unbound
1h38B03 Unbound Unbound Bound:G-C-G-G-C-G-A-U (chain I) Unbound Unbound
1h38C03 Unbound Unbound Bound:G-C-G-G-C-G-A-U (chain L) Unbound Unbound
1h38D03 Unbound Unbound Bound:G-C-G-G-C-G-A-U (chain O) Unbound Unbound
1mswD03 Unbound Unbound Bound:G-A-C-A-C-G-G-C-G-A (chain R) Unbound Unbound
1qlnA03 Unbound Unbound Bound:GTP-G-G (chain R) Unbound Unbound
1s0vA03 Bound:2x_MG Unbound Bound:G-C-G-G-C-G-A-U (chain F) Unbound Unbound
1s0vB03 Bound:2x_MG Unbound Bound:G-C-G-G-C-G-A-U (chain I) Unbound Unbound
1s0vC03 Bound:2x_MG Unbound Bound:G-C-G-G-C-G-A-U (chain L) Unbound Unbound
1s0vD03 Bound:2x_MG Unbound Bound:G-C-G-G-C-G-A-U (chain O) Unbound Unbound
1s76D03 Bound:2x_MG Unbound Bound:A-C-A-C-G-G-C-G-A (chain R) Unbound Unbound
1s77D03 Bound:2x_MG Unbound Unbound Unbound Bound:A-C-A-C-G-G-C-G-A-3DA (chain R)
1aroP04 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1cezA04 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1h38A04 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1h38B04 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1h38C04 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1h38D04 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1mswD04 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1qlnA04 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1s0vA04 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1s0vB04 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1s0vC04 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1s0vD04 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1s76D04 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1s77D04 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1aroP05 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1cezA05 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1h38A05 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1h38B05 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1h38C05 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1h38D05 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1mswD05 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1qlnA05 Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound Unbound
1s0vA05 Unbound Analogue:APC Unbound Unbound Unbound
1s0vB05 Unbound Analogue:APC Unbound Unbound Unbound
1s0vC05 Unbound Analogue:APC Unbound Unbound Unbound
1s0vD05 Unbound Analogue:APC Unbound Unbound Unbound
1s76D05 Unbound Analogue:APC Unbound Unbound Unbound
1s77D05 Unbound Unbound Unbound Bound:POP Unbound

Reference for Active-site residues
resource references E.C.
swiss-prot:P00573

Active-site residues
PDB Catalytic residues Cofactor-binding residues Modified residues Main-chain involved in catalysis Comment
1aroP01
1cezA01
1h38A01
1h38B01
1h38C01
1h38D01
1mswD01
1qlnA01
1s0vA01
1s0vB01
1s0vC01
1s0vD01
1s76D01
1s77D01
1aroP02
1cezA02
1h38A02
1h38B02
1h38C02
1h38D02
1mswD02
1qlnA02
1s0vA02
1s0vB02
1s0vC02
1s0vD02
1s76D02
1s77D02
1aroP03 ASP 537;GLY 538;ASP 812(Two magnesium ions)
1cezA03 ASP 537;GLY 538;ASP 812(Two magnesium ions)
1h38A03 ASP 537;GLY 538;ASP 812(Two magnesium ions)
1h38B03 ASP 537;GLY 538;ASP 812(Two magnesium ions)
1h38C03 ASP 537;GLY 538;ASP 812(Two magnesium ions)
1h38D03 ASP 537;GLY 538;ASP 812(Two magnesium ions)
1mswD03 ASP 537;GLY 538;ASP 812(Two magnesium ions)
1qlnA03 ASP 537;GLY 538;ASP 812(Two magnesium ions)
1s0vA03 ASP 537;GLY 538;ASP 812(Two magnesium ions)
1s0vB03 ASP 537;GLY 538;ASP 812(Two magnesium ions)
1s0vC03 ASP 537;GLY 538;ASP 812(Two magnesium ions)
1s0vD03 ASP 537;GLY 538;ASP 812(Two magnesium ions)
1s76D03 ASP 537;GLY 538;ASP 812(Two magnesium ions)
1s77D03 ASP 537;GLY 538;ASP 812(Two magnesium ions)
1aroP04
1cezA04
1h38A04
1h38B04
1h38C04
1h38D04
1mswD04
1qlnA04
1s0vA04
1s0vB04
1s0vC04
1s0vD04
1s76D04
1s77D04
1aroP05 ARG 627;LYS 631
1cezA05 ARG 627;LYS 631
1h38A05 ARG 627;LYS 631
1h38B05 ARG 627;LYS 631
1h38C05 ARG 627;LYS 631
1h38D05 ARG 627;LYS 631
1mswD05 ARG 627;LYS 631
1qlnA05 ARG 627;LYS 631
1s0vA05 ARG 627;LYS 631
1s0vB05 ARG 627;LYS 631
1s0vC05 ARG 627;LYS 631
1s0vD05 ARG 627;LYS 631
1s76D05 ARG 627;LYS 631
1s77D05 ARG 627;LYS 631

References for Catalytic Mechanism
References Sections No. of steps in catalysis
[7]
[16]
p.266-267
[17]
Fig.1, p.705-707
[32]
Fig.3

References
[1]
Resource
Comments
Medline ID
PubMed ID 1847871
Journal Eur J Biochem
Year 1991
Volume 195(3)
Pages 841-7
Authors Maksimova TG, Mustayev AA, Zaychikov EF, Lyakhov DL, Tunitskaya VL, Akbarov AKh, Luchin SV, Rechinsky VO, Chernov BK, Kochetkov SN
Title Lys631 residue in the active site of the bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase. Affinity labeling and site-directed mutagenesis.
Related PDB
Related UniProtKB P00573
[2]
Resource
Comments
Medline ID
PubMed ID 8462683
Journal FEBS Lett
Year 1993
Volume 320(1)
Pages 9-12
Authors Rechinsky VO, Tunitskaya VL, Dragan SM, Kostyuk DA, Kochetkov SN
Title Tyr-571 is involved in the T7 RNA polymerase binding to its promoter.
Related PDB
Related UniProtKB P00573
[3]
Resource
Comments
Medline ID
PubMed ID 8492813
Journal Mol Gen Genet
Year 1993
Volume 238(3)
Pages 455-8
Authors Rechinsky VO, Kostyuk DA, Lyakhov DL, Chernov BK, Kochetkov SN
Title Random mutagenesis of the gene for bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase.
Related PDB
Related UniProtKB P00573
[4]
Resource
Comments
Medline ID
PubMed ID 8475053
Journal Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
Year 1993
Volume 90(8)
Pages 3147-51
Authors Raskin CA, Diaz GA, McAllister WT
Title T7 RNA polymerase mutants with altered promoter specificities.
Related PDB
Related UniProtKB
[5]
Resource
Comments Comments on: Nature. 1993;364(6438)593-9.
Medline ID
PubMed ID 7688863
Journal Nature
Year 1993
Volume 364(6438)
Pages 572-3
Authors Moras D
Title Polymerases. Two sisters and their cousin.
Related PDB
Related UniProtKB
[6]
Resource
Comments Comments in: Nature. 1993;364(6438):572-3.
Medline ID
PubMed ID 7688864
Journal Nature
Year 1993
Volume 364(6438)
Pages 593-9
Authors Sousa R, Chung YJ, Rose JP, Wang BC
Title Crystal structure of bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase at 3.3 A resolution.
Related PDB 4rnp
Related UniProtKB P00573
[7]
Resource
Comments
Medline ID
PubMed ID 8133519
Journal J Mol Biol
Year 1994
Volume 237(1)
Pages 5-19
Authors Osumi-Davis PA, Sreerama N, Volkin DB, Middaugh CR, Woody RW, Woody AY
Title Bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase and its active-site mutants. Kinetic, spectroscopic and calorimetric characterization.
Related PDB
Related UniProtKB P00573
[8]
Resource
Comments
Medline ID
PubMed ID 8171031
Journal Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
Year 1994
Volume 91(9)
Pages 4034-8
Authors Cheng X, Zhang X, Pflugrath JW, Studier FW
Title The structure of bacteriophage T7 lysozyme, a zinc amidase and an inhibitor of T7 RNA polymerase.
Related PDB
Related UniProtKB P00806
[9]
Resource
Comments
Medline ID
PubMed ID 7966322
Journal J Mol Biol
Year 1994
Volume 244(1)
Pages 6-12
Authors Sousa R, Rose J, Wang BC
Title The thumb's knuckle. Flexibility in the thumb subdomain of T7 RNA polymerase is revealed by the structure of a chimeric T7/T3 RNA polymerase.
Related PDB
Related UniProtKB
[10]
Resource
Comments
Medline ID
PubMed ID 8885831
Journal Biochemistry
Year 1996
Volume 35(42)
Pages 13519-30
Authors Sastry SS
Title Identification of the template-binding cleft of T7 RNA polymerase as the site for promoter binding by photochemical cross-linking with psoralen.
Related PDB
Related UniProtKB
[11]
Resource
Comments
Medline ID
PubMed ID 9062120
Journal Biochemistry
Year 1997
Volume 36(10)
Pages 2908-18
Authors Gardner LP, Mookhtiar KA, Coleman JE
Title Initiation, elongation, and processivity of carboxyl-terminal mutants of T7 RNA polymerase.
Related PDB
Related UniProtKB
[12]
Resource
Comments
Medline ID
PubMed ID 9405156
Journal J Mol Biol
Year 1997
Volume 274(5)
Pages 748-56
Authors Jeruzalmi D, Steitz TA
Title Use of organic cosmotropic solutes to crystallize flexible proteins: application to T7 RNA polymerase and its complex with the inhibitor T7 lysozyme.
Related PDB
Related UniProtKB
[13]
Resource
Comments
Medline ID
PubMed ID 9603929
Journal J Biol Chem
Year 1998
Volume 273(23)
Pages 14242-6
Authors Izawa M, Sasaki N, Watahiki M, Ohara E, Yoneda Y, Muramatsu M, Okazaki Y, Hayashizaki Y
Title Recognition sites of 3'-OH group by T7 RNA polymerase and its application to transcriptional sequencing.
Related PDB
Related UniProtKB
[14]
Resource
Comments
Medline ID
PubMed ID 9670025
Journal EMBO J
Year 1998
Volume 17(14)
Pages 4101-13
Authors Jeruzalmi D, Steitz TA
Title Structure of T7 RNA polymerase complexed to the transcriptional inhibitor T7 lysozyme.
Related PDB 1aro
Related UniProtKB P00573 P00806
[15]
Resource
Comments
Medline ID
PubMed ID 9689042
Journal Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
Year 1998
Volume 95(16)
Pages 9111-6
Authors Sastry S, Ross BM
Title RNA-binding site in T7 RNA polymerase.
Related PDB
Related UniProtKB
[16]
Resource
Comments
Medline ID
PubMed ID 9872383
Journal FEBS Lett
Year 1998
Volume 440(3)
Pages 264-7
Authors Kochetkov SN, Rusakova EE, Tunitskaya VL
Title Recent studies of T7 RNA polymerase mechanism.
Related PDB
Related UniProtKB
[17]
Resource
Comments
Medline ID
PubMed ID 9914251
Journal Curr Opin Struct Biol
Year 1998
Volume 8
Pages 704-12
Authors Doublie S, Ellenberger T
Title The mechanism of action of T7 DNA polymerase.
Related PDB
Related UniProtKB
[18]
Resource
Comments Erratum in Nature 1999;400(6739):89.
Medline ID
PubMed ID 10331394
Journal Nature
Year 1999
Volume 399(6731)
Pages 80-3
Authors Cheetham GM, Jeruzalmi D, Steitz TA
Title Structural basis for initiation of transcription from an RNA polymerase-promoter complex.
Related PDB 1cez
Related UniProtKB
[19]
Resource
Comments
Medline ID
PubMed ID 10213599
Journal Biochemistry
Year 1999
Volume 38(16)
Pages 4972-81
Authors Sastry S, Ross BM
Title Probing the interaction of T7 RNA polymerase with promoter.
Related PDB
Related UniProtKB
[20]
Resource
Comments
Medline ID
PubMed ID 10600732
Journal Science
Year 1999
Volume 286(5448)
Pages 2305-9
Authors Cheetham GM, Steitz TA
Title Structure of a transcribing T7 RNA polymerase initiation complex.
Related PDB 1qln
Related UniProtKB
[21]
Resource
Comments
Medline ID
PubMed ID 10653695
Journal J Mol Biol
Year 2000
Volume 295(5)
Pages 1173-84
Authors Ujvari A, Martin CT
Title Evidence for DNA bending at the T7 RNA polymerase promoter.
Related PDB
Related UniProtKB
[22]
Resource
Comments
Medline ID
PubMed ID 10653635
Journal Biochemistry
Year 2000
Volume 39(5)
Pages 919-23
Authors Brieba LG, Sousa R
Title Roles of histidine 784 and tyrosine 639 in ribose discrimination by T7 RNA polymerase.
Related PDB
Related UniProtKB
[23]
Resource
Comments Comments in: Curr Opin Struct Biol. 2000;10(1):75-7.
Medline ID
PubMed ID 10679468
Journal Curr Opin Struct Biol
Year 2000
Volume 10(1)
Pages 117-23
Authors Cheetham GM, Steitz TA
Title Insights into transcription: structure and function of single-subunit DNA-dependent RNA polymerases.
Related PDB
Related UniProtKB
[24]
Resource
Comments
Medline ID
PubMed ID 10995224
Journal Biochemistry
Year 2000
Volume 39(38)
Pages 11571-80
Authors Huang J, Brieba LG, Sousa R
Title Misincorporation by wild-type and mutant T7 RNA polymerases: identification of interactions that reduce misincorporation rates by stabilizing the catalytically incompetent open conformation.
Related PDB
Related UniProtKB
[25]
Resource
Comments
Medline ID
PubMed ID 11095736
Journal Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
Year 2000
Volume 97(26)
Pages 14109-14
Authors Temiakov D, Mentesana PE, Ma K, Mustaev A, Borukhov S, McAllister WT
Title The specificity loop of T7 RNA polymerase interacts first with the promoter and then with the elongating transcript, suggesting a mechanism for promoter clearance.
Related PDB
Related UniProtKB
[26]
Resource
Comments
Medline ID
PubMed ID 11300767
Journal Biochemistry
Year 2001
Volume 40(13)
Pages 3882-90
Authors Brieba LG, Sousa R
Title The T7 RNA polymerase intercalating hairpin is important for promoter opening during initiation but not for RNA displacement or transcription bubble stability during elongation.
Related PDB
Related UniProtKB
[27]
Resource
Comments
Medline ID
PubMed ID 11278877
Journal J Biol Chem
Year 2001
Volume 276(17)
Pages 14075-82
Authors Bandwar RP, Patel SS
Title Peculiar 2-aminopurine fluorescence monitors the dynamics of open complex formation by bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase.
Related PDB
Related UniProtKB
[28]
Resource
Comments
Medline ID
PubMed ID 11704669
Journal J Biol Chem
Year 2002
Volume 277(4)
Pages 2987-91
Authors McGinness KE, Joyce GF
Title Substitution of ribonucleotides in the T7 RNA polymerase promoter element
Related PDB
Related UniProtKB
[29]
Resource
Comments
Medline ID
PubMed ID 12422209
Journal Nature
Year 2002
Volume 420
Pages 43-50
Authors Tahirov TH, Temiakov D, Anikin M, Patlan V, McAllister WT, Vassylyev DG, Yokoyama S
Title Structure of a T7 RNA polymerase elongation complex at 2.9 A resolution.
Related PDB 1h38
Related UniProtKB
[30]
Resource
Comments
Medline ID
PubMed ID 12242451
Journal Science
Year 2002
Volume 298
Pages 1387-95
Authors Yin YW, Steitz TA
Title Structural basis for the transition from initiation to elongation transcription in T7 RNA polymerase.
Related PDB 1msw
Related UniProtKB
[31]
Resource
Comments
Medline ID
PubMed ID 12499566
Journal Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr
Year 2003
Volume 59
Pages 185-7
Authors Temiakov D, Tahirov TH, Anikin M, McAllister WT, Vassylyev DG, Yokoyama S
Title Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of T7 RNA polymerase elongation complex.
Related PDB 1s0v
Related UniProtKB
[32]
Resource
Comments
Medline ID
PubMed ID 15016374
Journal Cell
Year 2004
Volume 116
Pages 393-404
Authors Yin YW, Steitz TA
Title The structural mechanism of translocation and helicase activity in T7 RNA polymerase.
Related PDB 1s76 1s77
Related UniProtKB

Comments
According to the literature [17] & [32], this enzyme catalyzes the following reaction:
(1) Magnesium-A, which is bound to Asp812, is bound to the acceptor group, 3'-OH of RNA, and activates its hydroxyl group, by lowering the pKa of the group.
(2) The activated acceptor group, 3'-hydroxide, makes a nucleophilic attack on the transferred group, alpha-phosphorus of NTP, another substrate.
(3) The transition state is stabilized by the following way. The transferred group, alpha-phosphate, is stabilized by the two magnesium ions (-A and -B), and Lys631, whereas the leaving group, beta-phosphate and gamma-phosphate, is stabilized by Arg627 and magnesium-B, which is bound to Asp537, Asp812, and mainchain carbonyl oxygen of Gly538. Lys631 may shift to the leaving group, to stabilize the negatively charged pyrophosphate.
## This nucleophilic substitution must be associative reaction, forming a penta-coordinate transition state.

Created Updated
2002-08-30 2009-02-26